The UN is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.

The General Assembly shall hold annual regular sessions, opening on the third Tuesday in September, as well as special sessions (convened on any matter if requested by the Security Council) and extraordinary sessions convened within 24 hours of receipt by the Secretary-General of a request from the Security Council. supported by the votes of any members of the Council in the following cases:

if there is a threat to peace; there was a breach of the peace or an act of aggression and the members of the Security Council did not reach a decision.

According to the UN Charter, the General Assembly plays a significant role in the work of the UN. It makes a significant contribution to the development and preparation of a number of important international instruments and the codification of principles and norms of international law.

The General Assembly is a democratic body. Each member, regardless of the size of the territory, population, economic and military power has 1 vote.

Decisions on important issues are taken by a two-thirds majority of those present and voting in the members of the Assembly. Non-member states with permanent observer status at the United Nations (Vatican City, Switzerland) may participate in the work of the General Assembly.

The UN Security Council is the main permanent political body of the United Nations, which, in accordance with the UN Charter, has the main responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. The Council is endowed with broad powers in the peaceful settlement of international disputes, the prevention of military conflicts between states, the cessation of acts of aggression and other violations of peace, and the restoration of international peace.

According to the UN Charter, only the Security Council and no other UN body or official has the right to decide on operations using the UN Armed Forces, and to decide on issues related to the establishment and use of the UN Armed Forces, in particular, such as the definition of tasks and functions of the armed forces, their composition and number, command structure, terms of stay in the areas of operations, as well as issues of operations management and determining the order of their financing.

In order to put pressure on a State whose actions pose a threat to international peace or constitute a breach of the peace, the Council may decide and require UN Members to take measures not involving the use of force, such as a complete or partial break in economic relations, railways. , sea, air, postal, telegraph, radio and other means of communication, as well as the severance of diplomatic relations. If such measures are insufficient, the Council is empowered to initiate action involving the use of air, sea and land forces.

The Council makes recommendations on the admission of states to the UN, on the expulsion of UN members who systematically violate the principles of the UN Charter, on the suspension of the rights and privileges of a UN member if he initiates preventive or coercive actions against that member. The Council shall make recommendations to the UN General Assembly on the appointment of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, shall elect with it the members of the International Court of Justice and may take steps to enforce a decision of that Court which a State has refused.

The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is also one of the main UN bodies under the leadership of the UN General Assembly, coordinating the economic and social activities of the UN, UN specialized agencies, and numerous UN bodies. ECOSOC is entrusted with a wide variety of functions of coordination and development of cooperation between states with different social systems in such important economic and social areas of their relations as economic development, world trade, industrialization.

Development of natural resources, international protection of human rights and freedoms, the situation of women, population, social security, science and technology, crime prevention and much more.

ECOSOC is called, in accordance with the UN Charter, to initiate research, make reports, make recommendations on international, economic, social, cultural cooperation, promote respect for and respect for human rights, convene international conferences and symposia, https://123helpme.me/animal-farm/ prepare draft conventions on its competence to present their General Assembly, enter into agreements with the specialized agencies of the United Nations, which determine their relations with the United Nations, take measures to obtain reports from them and information from UN members on matters within its competence.

It should serve as a central forum for discussing international economic and social issues of global and intersectoral nature and making policy recommendations on these issues, monitoring and evaluating the implementation of the overall strategy and priorities set by the General Assembly in these areas, ensuring overall coordination of organizations and systems. UN in such areas and conduct comprehensive operational policy reviews throughout the UN system, given the need to ensure balance, compatibility and compliance with the priorities set by the General Assembly for the UN system as a whole.

The UN Trusteeship Council, chaired by the UN General Assembly, is empowered to consider reports submitted by the Territorial Authority, to accept petitions and to consider them in consultation with the Governing Body, to arrange periodic visits to the respective Territories under the auspices of the Governing Body. actions in accordance with the terms of guardianship agreements.

It develops a questionnaire on political, economic and social progress, as well as on progress in education, and the governing body of each territory under the auspices of the General Assembly submits the latest annual reports on the basis of this questionnaire. As a result of the liberation struggle, most of the wards gained independence. According to the 11 wards that have been under the Council’s control since the beginning of its activities, only one remains at present – the Pacific Islands (under the auspices of the United States).

The Council consists of Russia, the United States, Great Britain, France and China, which does not actually participate in its work.

The International Court of Justice is the main judicial body of the United Nations.

In accordance with the UN Charter, a new judicial body, the International Court of Justice, was established in 1945. Under Article 92 of the Charter of the United Nations, the International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. Its establishment meant the implementation of paragraph 1 of Article 33 of the UN Charter in the part that provided as one of the peaceful means of resolving international disputes the possibility of organizing a trial. [4, p.162]

The Statute of the International Court of Justice, together with Chapter XIV of the United Nations Charter, of which it is an integral part, was drafted at a conference in Dumbarton-Ox (1944), at the Committee of Lawyers in Washington and at a conference in San Francisco in 1945.

With the exception of minor changes, most of which are purely formal, the Statute of the International Court of Justice is identical to the Statute of the Permanent Chamber of International Justice.

Under Article 38 of the Statute, the International Court of Justice applies:

international conventions and treaties; international order; general principles of law recognized by civilized nations; court decisions and doctrines of the most qualified specialists as an aid to determine legal norms.

In addition, the Court may decide a case ex aequo et bono, ie in accordance with the principles of fairness and not under formal law, if the parties so agree.

The UN Secretariat is a UN body designed to serve the work of other UN bodies and implement their decisions and recommendations. The UN Secretariat performs the administrative and technical functions of the UN, in particular, prepares some materials, translates, prints and distributes reports, summaries and other documents, etc.

UN specialized agencies

These are intergovernmental organizations of a universal nature, cooperating in special areas and associated with the UN. Article 57 of the UN Charter lists the main features: the intergovernmental nature of agreements on the establishment of such organizations has a broad international responsibility within their founding acts.

Communication is established and formalized by an agreement concluded by the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and approved by the UN General Assembly. There are currently 16 such organizations. They can be divided into the following groups:

social (ILO International Labor Organization and WHO World Health Organization); cultural and humanitarian nature (UNESCO – on education, science and culture, WIPO – World Intellectual Property Organization); economic (UNIDO – for industrial development); financial (IBRD, IMF, IDA – International Development Association, IFC – International Finance Corporation); in the field of agriculture (FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization, IFAD – Agricultural Development Fund); in the field of transport and communications (ICAO – civil aviation, IMO – naval, Air Force, ITU – Telecommunication Union); in the field of meteorology (WMO).

International Labor Organization (ILO)

The oldest international organization. Established in Paris in 1919 as an autonomous organization of the League of Nations. Its Charter in 1946 was revised and brought into line with the founding documents of the United Nations. The UN is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.

The ILO’s goal is to promote lasting peace by promoting social justice, improving working conditions and living standards for workers. The ILO has offices in the capitals of a number of member states.

World Health Organization (WHO)

WHO – established in 1946 at the International Conference on Health in New York. Its goal is to achieve the highest possible level of health for all peoples. The main activities of WHO:

control of infectious diseases; development of quarantine and sanitary rules; social problems.

In 1977, WHO set a goal to achieve by 2000. all the inhabitants of the Earth to a level of health that would allow them to lead a socially and economically productive lifestyle. To implement this program, a global strategy has been developed that requires the combined efforts of governments and peoples.

Within the WHO there are 6 regional organizations: European countries, the Eastern Mediterranean, Africa, North and South America, Southeast Asia, the western Pacific.